The Fourth Spatial Planning Memorandum Extra (VINEX) of 1991 designated large greenfield and edge-of-city sites for mass house-building from the mid-1990s to accommodate growth while protecting open countryside. It directed new districts to locations close to existing cities and public transport, producing hundreds of thousands of dwellings in master-planned 'VINEX neighbourhoods'. Delivery was led by municipalities working with private developers. The results drew debate over uniformity and car dependence despite transit intentions.
VINEX shaped the largest wave of planned Dutch suburban expansion since the war and is a defining case of compact-city growth steering.
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