In the wake of Hurricane Katrina and Superstorm Sandy, which flooded much of coastal New York and New Jersey in 2012, climate resilience moved to the centre of American urban policy. In 2013 the Rockefeller Foundation launched the 100 Resilient Cities programme, funding chief resilience officers and city resilience strategies around the world, with many US members. The federal Rebuild by Design competition channelled recovery funds toward adaptive flood-protection infrastructure. These efforts framed resilience to climate shocks as a core planning objective.
The post-disaster resilience movement institutionalised climate adaptation as a mainstream concern of American city planning.
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