
BRT/BRT-lite + orbital rail
Shifts from radial focus to resilience
A long-range urban transportation strategy for Tokyo prepared by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government from the mid-2010s, looking towards 2040. Rather than adding further radial capacity to the world's largest commuter rail system, it emphasises orbital rail links between subcentres, new bus rapid transit services to developing waterfront districts, station-area intensification and network redundancy for disaster resilience. It operates at the scale of the entire metropolis.
The strategy marks a shift in Tokyo's postwar planning logic from radial commuter expansion towards a polycentric, resilience-oriented network, reflecting an ageing, no-longer-growing metropolis preparing for earthquakes and climate risk. It is significant as an example of mature-city transport planning focused on restructuring and robustness rather than growth accommodation.