Songdo (from 2003) was built on reclaimed land near Incheon as a from-scratch 'smart city' and international business district, wired with ubiquitous sensors and centralized systems, with a Central Park and convention facilities marketed to global firms.
Significance
Songdo is the flagship test of the build-it-from-zero smart city, raising enduring questions about whether technology and master-planning alone can manufacture genuine urban life and community.